Ünite 9: Özel Günler
Special Days · A2
Geniş zaman (-ar/-er/-ır/-ir/-ur/-ür, genel gerçekler/alışkanlıklar), yeterlilik (-(y)abil/-(y)ebil, ability).
Alışkanlıklarım
Geniş Zaman (Aorist) — "-Ar/-Ir"
The aorist ("geniş zaman") — general truths and habits
The aorist describes general truths, habits, and repeated actions ("okurum" = "I read [in general]", not "I am reading right now"). Vowel-final roots take just "-r" (oku+r=okur, ye+r=yer). Polysyllabic consonant-final roots always take "-Ir" (4-way harmony: çalış+ır=çalışır, otur+ur=oturur). Monosyllabic consonant-final roots DEFAULT to "-Ar" (2-way harmony: yap+ar=yapar, git+er=gider) — but a small, memorized exception list (al, bil, bul, dur, gel, gör, kal, ol, öl, san, var, ver, vur) still takes "-Ir" (gel+ir=gelir, ol+ur=olur). A few verbs built on etmek, such as kaybetmek and keşfetmek, take "-Ar" like etmek itself (kaybeder, keşfeder).
| KökRoot | Geniş ZamanAorist | Neden?Why? |
|---|---|---|
| oku- (ends in a vowel) | okur | just -r |
| çalış- (multi-syllable) | çalışır | multi-syllable — always -Ir |
| yap- (one syllable, default) | yapar | one syllable, not an exception — -Ar |
| gel- (one syllable, exception) | gelir | on the exception list — -Ir |
Olumsuz Geniş Zaman — "-mAz" (Düzensiz 1. Şahıs)
Negative aorist — "-mAz" (irregular 1st person)
The negative aorist isn't "-Ar/-Ir" negated — it's a separate suffix, "-mAz" (2-way harmony, with an invariant "z"). NOTE: in the 1st person singular and plural, the "z" is dropped! It's "gelmem", NOT "gelmezim"; "gelmeyiz", NOT "gelmeziz". Every other person ("you/he-she-it/you-pl/they") keeps the "z": gelmezsin, gelmez, gelmezsiniz, gelmezler.
| ŞahısPerson | gelmek (olumsuz)gelmek (negative) | NotNote |
|---|---|---|
| ben | gelmem | irregular — no "z" |
| sen | gelmezsin | regular — has "z" |
| o | gelmez | regular — has "z" |
| biz | gelmeyiz | irregular — no "z" |
| siz | gelmezsiniz | regular — has "z" |
| onlar | gelmezler | regular — has "z" |
Neler Yapabilirim?
Yeterlilik (Ability) — "-(y)Abil/-(y)Ebil"
Ability — "-(y)Abil/-(y)Ebil" ("can, to be able to")
The ability suffix is built by adding "-(y)Abil-" (from "bilmek", "to know") to a verb: yüzmek → yüz-e-bil-. This new stem then takes the aorist. Because the syllable "bil" always contributes the vowel "i", the aorist suffix on top of it is ALWAYS "-ir" — regardless of the root's own vowel class! Only the initial "-(y)a-/-(y)e-" varies, by 2-way harmony matching the root: yapabilir, gelebilir, okuyabilir (never "yapabılır" or "gelebiler").
| FiilVerb | YeterlilikAbility | AnlamMeaning |
|---|---|---|
| yap- (ends in a consonant, back vowel) | yapabilir | can do |
| gel- (ends in a consonant, front vowel) | gelebilir | can come |
| oku- (ends in a vowel, "y" is inserted) | okuyabilir | can read |
| git- (softens) | gidebilir | can go |
Olumsuz Yeterlilik — "-(y)AmA-" (Aynı Düzensizlik)
Negative ability — "-(y)AmA-" (the same irregularity)
The negative ability skips "bil" entirely; "-(y)A-" (ability) + "-mA-" (negation) fuse directly: yap-a-ma-, gel-e-me-. The personal conjugation follows the EXACT SAME irregularity as the negative aorist: no "z" in the 1st singular/plural (yapamam, yapamayız — not "yapamazım"/"yapamazız"), "z" everywhere else (yapamazsın, yapamaz, yapamazsınız, yapamazlar).
| ŞahısPerson | yapmak (olumsuz yeterlilik)yapmak (negative ability) | NotNote |
|---|---|---|
| ben | yapamam | irregular — no "z" |
| sen | yapamazsın | regular — has "z" |
| o | yapamaz | regular — has "z" |
| biz | yapamayız | irregular — no "z" |
Bayramlar ve Gelenekler
Geniş Zaman ile Genel Gerçekleri Anlatmak
Using the aorist to describe general truths and traditions
When talking about holidays and traditions, the aorist is a natural choice because we're describing things that repeat every year/always, not a one-time event: "Bayramda büyükleri ziyaret ederiz" ("We visit our elders on holidays"), "Yılbaşında hediye alırız" ("We get gifts at New Year's"). Frequency adverbs like "her gün" (every day), "genellikle" (usually), "bazen" (sometimes), "asla" (never) are very often used together with the aorist.
| ZarfAdverb | CümleSentence | AnlamMeaning |
|---|---|---|
| her yıl | Her yıl aynı şekilde kutlarız. | We celebrate the same way every year. |
| genellikle | Genellikle ailece bir araya geliriz. | We usually come together as a family. |
| asla | Bu günü asla unutmayız. | We never forget this day. |